解决方式：

添加一个环境变量参数"_JAVA_OPTIONS=-XX:UseSVE=0"

完整命令：

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docker run -d \
  --name elasticsearch \
  --restart=always \
  -e "ES_JAVA_OPTS=-Xms512m -Xmx512m" \
  -e "discovery.type=single-node" \
  -e "_JAVA_OPTIONS=-XX:UseSVE=0" \
  -v /Users/zuochenyang/codeEnv/docker/service/elasticsearch/data:/usr/share/elasticsearch/data \
  -v /Users/zuochenyang/codeEnv/docker/service/elasticsearch/plugins:/usr/share/elasticsearch/plugins \
  -v /Users/zuochenyang/codeEnv/docker/service/elasticsearch/config:/usr/share/elasticsearch/config \
  --privileged \
  --network es-net \
  -p 9200:9200 \
  -p 9300:9300 \
  elasticsearch:7.17.12

参考链接：

https://github.com/elastic/elasticsearch/issues/118583#issuecomment-2567270484